龙舌兰属

龙舌兰属    学名：AgaveL.    界：植物界    目：百合目    科：天门冬科    分布区域：美洲（中国有逸生）。

龙舌兰属（学名：AgaveL.）是隶属于天门冬科的一属，约300多种，多年生常绿开花植物。分布于美洲，喜温暖气候。茎短，叶多硬质，排列成莲座形，边缘锯齿状。开花时花序从生长点伸出，花后开花的莲座会枯萎死亡，但花序上及莲座底部的吸芽可作为母株生命的延续。外观类似阿福花科的芦荟，但两者的亲缘关系并不相近。

一、龙舌兰属植物的形态特征

多年生植物。

无茎或有极短的茎。叶呈莲座式排列，大而肥厚，肉质或稍带木质，边缘常有刺或偶而无刺，顶端常有硬尖刺。花茎粗壮高大，具分枝；花通常排列成大型稠密的顶生穗状花序或圆锥花序，有些种类每年或隔年开花一次，另一些种类只开花结果一次，开花后便死亡；花被管短，花被裂片6，狭而相似；雄蕊6，着生于花被管喉部或管内；花丝细长，常伸出于花被外，花药丁字形着生；子房下位，3室，每室有胚珠多数，花柱线形，柱头3裂。蒴果长椭圆形，室背3瓣开裂；种子多数，薄而扁平，黑色。细胞染色体基数x=30。

二、龙舌兰属植物的分布范围

龙舌兰属植物原产西半球干旱和半干旱的热带地区，尤以墨西哥的种类最多。广东、福建和云南有逸生。

三、龙舌兰属植物的物种分类

龙舌兰属约有200个物种。

AgaveacicularisTrel.

AgaveacklinicolaTrel.

Agave×ajoensisW.C.odgs.

AgaveaktitesGentry

AgavealbescensTrel.

AgavealbomarginataGentry

AgavealbopilosaI.Cabral,Villarreal&A.E.Estrada

AgavealoidesJacobi

AgaveamericanaL.

AgaveangustiarumTrel.

AgaveangustissimaEngelm.

AgaveanomalaTrel.

AgaveantillarumDescourt.

AgaveapplanataLem.exJacobi

AgavearcedianoensisCházaro,O.M.Valencia&A.Vázquez

Agave×arizonicaGentry&J..Weber

Agavearubensisummelinck

AgaveasperrimaJacobi

AgaveavirensKarw.exSalm-Dyck

AgaveattenuataSalm-Dyck

AgaveaureaBrandegee

AgaveavellanidensTrel.

AgavebahamanaTrel.

AgavebanlanPerr.

AgavebaxteriBaker

AgavebeaulerianaJacobi

AgavebernhardiiJacobi

AgavebessererianaVanoutte

AgaveboldinghianaTrel.

AgavebovicornutaGentry

AgavebraceanaTrel.

AgavebracteosaS.WatsonexEngelm.

AgavebrevipetalaTrel.

AgavebrevispinaTrel.

AgavebrittonianaTrel.

AgavecacozelaTrel.

AgavecajalbanensisA.Álvarez

AgavecalderoniiTrel.

AgavecalodontaA.Berger

Agavecantala(aw.)Roxb.exSalm-Dyck

AgavecantalaRoxb.

AgavecapensisGentry

AgavecaribaeicolaTrel.

Agave×cavanillesiiD.Guillot&P.VanderMeer

AgavecerulataTrel.

AgavechazaroiA.Vázquez&O.M.Valencia

AgavechiapensisJacobi

AgavechrysanthaPeebles

AgavechrysoglossaI.M.Johnst.

AgavecocuiTrel.

AgavecollinaGreenm.

AgavecolorataGentry

AgaveconcinnaLem.

AgavecongestaGentry

AgavecookeiWoodrow

AgavecucullataLem.exJacobi

AgavecundinamarcensisA.Berger

AgavecupreataTrel.&A.Berger

AgavedasylirioidesJacobi&Bouch.

AgavedatylioF.A.C.Weber

AgavedavilloniiBaker

Agavede-meesterianaJacobi

AgavedeamianaTrel.

AgavedecaisneanaJacobi

AgavedecipiensBaker

AgavedelamateriW.C.odgs.&Slauson

AgavedesertiEngelm.

AgavedesmettianaJacobi

AgavediacanthaRoyle

AgavedifformisA.Berger

AgavedurangensisGentry

AgavedussianaTrel.

AgaveeggersianaTrel.

AgaveehrenbergiiJacobi

AgaveelizaeA.Berger

AgaveellemeetianaJacobi

AgaveensiferaJacobi

Agaveenteaartwich

AgaveerosaA.Berger

AgaveerubescensEllemeet

AgaveevadensTrel.

AgavefelgeriGentry

AgavefenzlianaJacobi

AgavefiliferaSalm-Dyck

AgaveflexispinaTrel.

AgavefortifloraGentry

AgavefourcroydesLem.

AgavefragrantissimaJacq.

AgavefranzosiniBaker

AgavefridericiiA.Berger

AgavefunkianaK.Koch&C.D.Bouché

AgavegaleottiiBaker

Agavegarciae-mendozaeGalván&L.ern.

Agavegeminiflora(Tagl.)KerGawl.

AgavegentryiB.Ullrich

AgaveghiesbreghtiiLem.exJacobi

AgavegigantensisGentry

AgavegilbertiiA.Berger

AgaveglabraKarw.

AgaveglaucescensOtto

Agave×glomeruliflora(Engelm.)A.Berger

AgavegoeppertianaJacobi

AgavegonzaloiD.Guillot&P.VanderMeer

AgavegracilipesTrel.

Agavegrandibracteata.Ross

AgavegranulosaScheidw.

AgavegriseaTrel.

AgaveguadalajaranaTrel.

Agaveguedeneyriioullet

Agave×guemensisD.Guillot&P.VanderMeer

AgaveguiengolaGentry

AgavegutierrezianaTrel.

AgavegypsophilaGentry

AgaveharrisiiTrel.

AgavehavardianaTrel.

AgavehenriquesiiBaker

AgavehiemifloraGentry

AgavehookeriJacobi

AgavehorizontalisJacobi

AgavehorridaLem.exJacobi

AgavehumboldtianaJacobi

AgavehurteriTrel.

AgaveimpressaGentry

AgaveinaequidensK.Koch

AgaveinaguensisTrel.

AgaveindagatorumTrel.

AgaveintermixtaTrel.

AgaveisthmensisA.García-Mend.&F.Palma

AgavejaiboliGentry

AgavejarucoensisA.Álvarez

AgavekarattoMill.

AgavekarwinskiiZucc.

AgavekellermanianaTrel.

AgavekerchoveiLem.

AgavekewensisJacobi

AgavelagunaeTrel.

AgavelaticinctaVerschaff.

AgavelechuguillaTorr.

AgavelemaireiVerschaff.

AgavelempanaTrel.

AgavelindleyiJacobi

AgavelittaeaoidesPamp.

AgavelongipesTrel.

AgavelongisepalaTod.

AgavemacroacanthaZucc.

AgavemapisagaTrel.

AgavemargaritaeBrandegee

AgavemarmorataRoezl

Agave×massiliensisTrel.

AgavemaximilianaBaker

AgavemaximowiczianaRegel

AgavemckelveyanaGentry

Agavemicroceps(Kimnach)A.Vázquez&Cházaro

AgavemillspaughiiTrel.

AgaveminarumTrel.

AgaveminorProctor

AgavemissionumTrel.

AgavemitisMart.

AgavemonostachyaSessé&Moc.

AgavemontanaVillarreal

Agavemontium-sancticaroliGarcía-Mend.

AgavemoraniiGentry

AgavemultifiliferaGentry

AgavemultifloraTod.

AgavemurpheyiGibson

AgavenashiiTrel.

AgavenayaritensisGentry

AgaveneglectaSmall

AgavenickelsiiRol.-Goss.

AgavenissoniiBaker

AgavenizandensisCutak

AgavenussaviorumGarcía-Mend.

AgaveobscuraSchiedeexSchltdl.

AgaveobscuraSchiede

AgaveocahuiGentry

AgaveoffoyanaDeSmetexJacobi

Agaveorigiesiana(Roezl)Trel.

AgaveornithobromaGentry

AgaveoroensisGentry

Agaveortgiesiana(Baker)Trel.

AgaveovatifoliaG.D.Starr&Villarreal

AgavepachycentraTrel.

AgavepallidaSartoriusexJacobi

AgavepalmeriEngelm.

AgavepampaninianaA.Berger

AgavepapyrocarpaTrel.

AgaveparrasanaA.Berger

AgaveparryiEngelm.

AgaveparvidentataTrel.

AgaveparvifloraTorr.小花龙舌兰

AgavepauperaA.Berger

AgavepavolinianaPamp.

AgavepeacockiiCroucher

AgavepelonaGentry

AgavependulaSchnittsp.

AgavepetiolataTrel.

AgavepephilaA.García-Mend.&E.Martínez

AgavephillipsianaW.C.odgs.

AgavepintillaS.González,M.González&L.Reséndiz

AgaveplaneraFasio

AgavepolianthifloraGentry

Agavepolyacanthaaw.

AgavepotatorumZucc.

AgavepotrerianaTrel.

AgavepromontoriiTrel.

AgaveprostrataMart.exDragendorff

AgavepulcherrimaOtto

AgavepulverulentaVerschaff.

Agave×pumilaDeSmetexBaker

AgavepurpureaSouzaNovelo

AgaveregiaBaker

AgaverhodacanthaTrel.

Agave×romaniBaker

Agave×rossellonensisD.Guillot&P.VanderMeer

AgaverovellianaTod.

AgaverudisLem.exJacobi

Agaverutteniaeummelinck

AgaverzedowskianaP.Carrillo,Vega&R.Delgad.

AgavesalmianaOttoexSalm-Dyck

AgavescaposaGentry

AgaveschidigeraLem.

AgaveschmithianaJacobi

AgaveschneiderianaA.Berger

AgaveschottiiEngelm.

AgavesebastianaGreene

AgaveseemannianaJacobi

AgaveshaferiTrel.

AgaveshawiiEngelm.

AgaveshreveiGentry

AgavesimoniiAndr.

AgavesisalanaPerrine

AgavesisalanaPerrineexEngelm.

AgavesmithianaJacobi

Agavesoboliferaoutt.

AgavesobriaBrandegee

AgavesordidaA.Berger

AgavespicataCav.

AgavestriataZucc.

AgavestrictaSalm-Dyck

AgavestringensTrel.

AgavesubinermisM.Roem.

AgavesubsimplexTrel.

Agave×tayloreaauct.

AgavetectaTrel.

AgavetenuifoliaZamudio&E.Sánchez

AgaveteoxamulinaKarw.exM.Roem.

AgavetequilanaF.A.C.Weber

AgavethomasiaeTrel.

AgavethomsonianaJacobi

AgavetitanotaGentry

AgavetoumeyanaTrel.

AgavetriangularisJacobi

AgaveubetskoyanaBaker

AgavetubulataTrel.

AgaveturneriR..Webb&Salazar-Ceseña

AgaveunderwoodiiTrel.

Agaveunivittataaw.

AgaveutahensisEngelm.

AgavevalencianaCházaro&A.Vázquez

AgavevandervinneniiLem.

AgavevanderwinneniJacobi

AgavevazquezgarciaeCházaro&J.A.Lomelí

Agavevera-cruzMill.

AgavevicinaTrel.

Agavevictoriae-reginaeT.Moore

Agave×villareAndré

AgavevilmorinianaA.Berger

AgaveviridissimaBaker

AgaveviviparaL.

AgavevizcainoensisGentry

AgavewallisiiJacobi

AgavewarellianaBaker

AgavewashingtonensisBaker&Rose

AgavewatsoniiJ.R.Drumm.&C..Wright

AgaveweberiJ.F.CelsexJ.Poiss.

AgavewendtiiCházaro

AgavewerckleiF.A.C.WeberexWercklé

AgavewiesenbergensisWittm.

AgavewildingiiTod.

Agave×winterianaA.Berger

AgavewocomahiGentry

AgavewoodrowiiW.Watson

AgavexylonacanthaSalm-Dyck

AgaveyuccifoliaDC.exRedouté

AgavezebraGentry

四、龙舌兰属植物的主要价值

本属植物经济价值较大，有些种类的纤维通称龙舌兰麻类，是世界著名的纤维植物之一；有些种类还含有甾体皂苷元，是生产甾体激素药物的重要原料；另一些种类栽培供观赏。叶内的纤维为硬质纤维之一，强韧耐腐，可编绳索和大缆，适为航海用。在我国引入的三种中，剑麻的品质最良，拉力大，次为龙舌兰。